**Abstract**
In 1962, I graduated from Tsinghua University and joined the Beijing Institute of Powder Metallurgy. In my second year, I was assigned to develop a diamond pen for grinding wheel dressing, a task jointly issued by the Ministry of Materials and the Ministry of Machinery. I had no idea that this would lead me into the field of powder metallurgy for diamond tool manufacturing. I started with 50 diamonds and made significant pioneering efforts during the Spring and Autumn Period.
**First, the Development of the Diamond Trimming Pen**
At that time, China used a "diamond knife" for grinding wheel correction, which was made by embedding natural diamonds in gem processing factories. A single natural diamond cost around 300 yuan. The key mechanical industry in China, supported by the Soviet Union, also used imported Soviet diamond pens, made using powder metallurgy with diamond particles or broken diamonds at 35 yuan per carat.
I visited Lin Changsheng from the First Automobile Manufacturing Plant in Changchun and Dai Xiyao from the Harbin Measuring and Cutting Tool Factory. They used many imported Soviet diamond pens, which cost 120 yuan each. It was too expensive, so I wanted to make them myself. Soviet experts taught them a method: placing diamond particles and tungsten carbide powder into a thin steel tube and inserting it into a high-temperature brass melt. The copper alloy penetrated the diamond particles via capillary action, forming a diamond pen. However, the quality wasn't as good as those from the Moscow Cemented Carbide Factory, and they still had to import.
The experience of these two engineers inspired me. I decided to use powder metallurgy hot pressing technology. Within a few months, we developed a press-pressed, hot-pressed diamond pen. After three trials and improvements in FAW and Harbin, the factory evaluated that our product surpassed the Soviet version.
In August 1964, the Beijing Municipal Machinery Bureau approved the mass production of the diamond pen. The Ministry of Materials supplied diamonds (35 yuan per carat), and the pen (65 yuan per carat) was purchased by the Ministry. At the time, diamonds were considered valuable, and the Ministry sent vehicles escorted by guards to distribute them.
Our company produced over 80,000 diamond pens annually, saving nearly $20 million for the country and becoming the "cash tree" of the Powder Metallurgy Institute. The Diamond Pen Research Project won the First Department and the Beijing Research Achievement Award. In 1965, I was awarded the “Five Good Workers†in the Beijing Industrial Exchange Front.
**Second, the Research on Diamond Drill Bits**
In 1965, Daqing Oilfield planned to drill the deepest domestic well, "Songji Liujing," reaching 5,000 meters. Drilling to 4,500 meters was extremely difficult. The drill bits made of medium octagonal cemented carbide could only drill 0.5 meters before needing replacement. This process was slow, drilling just 180 meters per year.
Daqing Petroleum Drilling Technology Research Institute invited me to collaborate on producing diamond oil drill bits. We immediately began research to support the Daqing oil battle. I was pleased to see the structure of the octagonal cemented carbide bit, as my previous work on powder metallurgy hot pressing for diamond pens proved useful.
Considering the harsh conditions of deep drilling, I adjusted the alloy performance and layout of natural diamonds, producing impregnated blocks for two drill bits. The director of the Daqing Oilfield Drilling Technology Research Institute, Qiu Botang, embedded the block into two oil drill bits—China’s first self-made natural diamond oil drill bit.
We sent the drill to the “Song Machine Six Wells.†It was winter, and the rig was exposed to extreme cold. Despite this, the workers drilled tirelessly. Their spirit left a deep impression on me.
Test results showed that a single drill bit could drill 5–10 meters, ten times more than the cemented carbide bit, solving the urgent need for deep-hole drilling. I entered the field of diamond oil drill bits, which lasted for ten years.
By the end of 1965, the Sichuan Oil and Gas Conference began. The hard strata required diamond oil drill bits. The Ministry of Petroleum Industry officially launched the project. I led the team, with Director Kang Shien appointing Zhou Jian as the “Drill Commander.â€
I chose the medium frequency induction heating powder metallurgy hot pressing process. From equipment purchase to design, diamond mold processing, and alloy debugging, everything was done from scratch. In less than six months, we produced a 176 mm overall diamond core bit. Unfortunately, several samples broke under external force, due to internal stress between the steel body and the diamond-containing alloy.
While the Ministry of Petroleum pursued the project, the Zhuzhou 601 Cemented Carbide Plant, aided by the Soviets, used their cold-pressure impregnation process. Their first batch drilled over 70 meters in Sichuan, leading to doubts about our hot pressing process.
I was determined to continue with our approach. By adding a stress buffer layer, we overcame the issue. The diamond drill bit performed well in Sichuan.
In 1967, the Ministry of Petroleum held a conference in Sichuan. I reported on setbacks but emphasized our commitment to the hot pressing process. Chairman Zhao Zhensheng praised us for forging our own path, breaking new ground for China’s oil industry.
Over ten years, I developed various diamond oil drill bits, including 5+3/4", 6+3/4", 7+3/4", and 8+3/4" sizes. These were comparable to American multi-wing, multi-step drill bits. They were widely used in Chinese oil fields.
From 1970 to 1974, I collaborated with the Department of Geology, Texas Petroleum Geological Exploration Institute, Daqing, and Jianghan Oilfields to study “needle-like carbide drills†and “polycrystalline diamond oil drill bits,†achieving excellent results in medium-hard formations. These were applied in Daqing and Jianghan.
In 1976, the National Science and Technology Office selected a series of oil drill bits as one of the top 100 scientific achievements during the Cultural Revolution, winning the 1978 National Science Conference Award.
**Third, the Study of Synthetic Diamond Drill Bits**
In 1969, Li Zhenqian, director of the Drilling Department of the Beijing Metallurgical and Geological Research Institute, saw the “Donghuamen Synthetic Diamond Factory†during the May Day parade. He was excited—why not use China’s own synthetic diamonds to make geological drill bits? His idea was supported by engineer Yang Chunfa.
We quickly started trial production of synthetic diamond geological drill bits. The first tests were conducted in the Beijing Institute of Geology. With the help of Sang Yongxiu from Shougang, we drilled granite at 300–500 rpm, achieving about 2–3 meters per drill.
However, the first downhole test in a Shougang exploration team showed limited success. The synthetic diamond drill bit only lasted 300–500 mm. The problem was the drilling conditions weren’t suitable for synthetic diamonds.
Under Yang Chunfa’s guidance, the Ministry of Metallurgy arranged a small-diameter drill hole in the Ming Tombs area. Using 56mm and 46mm diamond drill bits, we drilled 200 meters of hard rock, with an average life of 8 meters. Though not ideal, it marked a breakthrough.
During the Cultural Revolution, I was labeled as a “Revisionist Seedling.†But the party representative in the research report said, “This research is of great significance. If successful, it will revolutionize China’s geological drilling.†The military representatives allowed me to continue.
By 1970, I tested a 36mm synthetic diamond drill bit in Jiayuguan Sanjiu Company. The Swedish high-speed rig drilled 10–11 grade rock. The synthetic diamond drill bit outperformed the imported natural diamond bits, drilling nearly 10 meters with high efficiency.
In 1971, I worked with Su Chunshan in Hubei, testing 56mm and 46mm drill bits. They achieved 15–20 meters of granite drilling at 800–1500 rpm. This marked the success of synthetic diamond geological drilling.
With support from experts like Wang Songshun and Hu Minglun, I successfully developed synthetic diamond geological bits. In 1976, one of our drill bits drilled 301 meters in andesite, setting a world record. DeBeers CEO called it a major breakthrough, inviting me to the Hong Kong International Diamond Technology Symposium—the first time China participated in such an event.
The synthetic diamond geological drill bits I developed won the 1978 National Science Conference Award and the “National Advanced Science and Technology Workers†award.
**Fourth, the Welding and Bonding Interface of Metal Alloy and Diamond**
From my research on diamond tools, I realized that the hot pressing process allowed better bonding between the alloy carcass and diamond particles. However, the lack of metallurgical welding force on diamond was a challenge.
In 1973, I studied the infiltration and bonding interface of metal alloys on synthetic diamond drill bits. I observed that strong carbide-forming elements like Ti could form a bond with diamond.
Using high-purity graphite as a substrate, I added Ti to low-melting Cu, Cu-Sn, and Cu-Ag melts. The wetting angle improved significantly, with some alloys showing near-zero wetting angles.
Through electron microscopy and energy spectrum analysis, I confirmed the formation of a TiC layer at the interface. This layer was firm and thickened with higher reaction temperatures and longer times.
This discovery had broad implications for diamond tool manufacturing. The “Metal Alloy Welding (Bonding) Technology for Diamonds†won the third prize of the National Invention in 1987.
**Fifth, Metal-Bonded Diamond Wire Drawing Die**
In 1980, Mr. Chen Yu of DeBeers proposed developing alloy-bonded diamond wire drawing dies to solve the issue of diamond collapse. I used Ti in W-Cu-Pb alloys to create a bonded die.
After hot pressing, the diamond was firmly welded. Practical evaluations in wire plants showed that the die lasted longer, could be repaired, and increased the life of the diamond die several times.
This innovation saved millions in foreign exchange and won the gold medal at the Beijing International Exposition.
**Sixth, Diamond Surface Metallization Model**
Based on my research on carbide interfaces, I proposed a surface metallization model for diamonds. This involved a three-layer structure: a carbide layer, an alloying layer, and an electroplated Ni layer.
This model enabled diamond to be welded to general brazing alloys. The patent was filed in 1985 and became a milestone in diamond technology.
**Seventh, Brazed Diamond Tools**
Using thermal spray welding, I created various diamond tools, including grinding wheels and wire saws. These tools outperformed traditional electroplated ones.
In 1986, I provided diamond grinding wheels to the Great Wall Raincoat Factory, matching the performance of imported American tools.
In the 1990s, the technique gained popularity, leading to widespread use of brazed diamond tools.
**Eighth, Predicting the Regularity of the Physical Mechanism of the Interface Between CVD Diamond Film and Growth Substrate**
In 1989, I predicted that CVD diamond films would form carbide interfaces with substrates like Si, W, and Mo. This was confirmed through experiments, earning recognition from peers.
This discovery guided future research on CVD diamond films and contributed to the development of superhard materials.
Today, I am 75 and have spent 50 years in the diamond field. Though in administrative roles, I remain passionate about advancing diamond tools, as the field is full of my lifelong dedication.
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