In the northern and southern cotton regions of China, under normal weather conditions, spring cotton typically enters the boll maturity stage from late August to early September. However, due to low temperatures and frequent rain, many spring cotton fields are planted later than usual, causing a delay in bud formation and flowering by 7 to 10 days. Additionally, the proportion of intercropped cotton fields is increasing, and these fields tend to remain green and mature later. In such circumstances, proper preventive measures become essential.
According to **China Pesticide Network**, one effective strategy for promoting early maturity is the correct application of ethephon in late-maturing cotton fields. After spraying ethephon, cotton can mature 7 to 10 days earlier. The percentage of flowers before frost increases by 10% to 20%, leading to a yield increase of 6.4% to 10.2%, and an income boost of 30 to 50 yuan per mu. Moreover, this practice also benefits the sowing and yield of crops like wheat. However, ethephon is a "double-edged sword." If used improperly, it may not only fail to improve yields but could also reduce them. Therefore, it's crucial to understand and apply the correct techniques to achieve the desired results.
First, choose the right cotton fields. Focus on late-maturing and vigorous cotton fields, especially summer cotton and late-maturing hybrid varieties. If the bolls are between 40 to 45 days old and make up over 80% of the field, the effect will be particularly good. Avoid applying ethephon to normally matured fields or those showing signs of premature aging, as this could lead to early plant senescence and lower yields. Also, do not spray ethephon on seedling fields, as it may reduce seed maturity and germination rates.
Second, timing is key. The effectiveness of ethephon is closely related to temperature. It needs to be decomposed at temperatures above 20°C, so the best time to spray is about 15 days before the expected frost. In northern China, this should be around 20 days before the frost period; in the south, it’s usually 15 to 20 days before the main boll opens. For example, in the Huanghuai region, spraying around October 5 is ideal, while in the Yangtze River basin, October 15 to 20 is recommended. Adjust based on local weather conditions.
Third, use the correct spraying method and dosage. Choose a sunny day with little wind, and spray between 9 am and 3 pm. The amount depends on the growth stage, temperature, and time of application. For vigorous, late-maturing cotton in cooler conditions, increase the dosage slightly, but do not exceed 200 ml per acre. In the Huanghuai area, if spraying starts in early October, use 40 ml of 40% ethephon with 50 kg of water. If applied later, use 150 ml with 60 kg of water. Dilute the solution and spray evenly, ensuring that all bolls to be ripened are covered.
Fourth, consider mixing ethephon with 2% superphosphate. This combination has been proven effective in promoting early maturity, preventing premature aging, and increasing yield by about 5%. Superphosphate is acidic, so when mixed with ethephon, it enhances its performance without any adverse effects. To prepare the mixture, dissolve 1 kg of high-quality superphosphate in 50-60 kg of water, filter out the residue, then add the required ethephon and mix well before spraying.
Finally, there are several important precautions to take. First, ethephon is acidic and should not be mixed with alkaline substances. Prepare the solution just before use and avoid storing it. Second, if it rains within 6 hours after spraying, reapplication is necessary. Third, remove bolls before spraying to avoid damage to their quality. Fourth, handle the stock solution carefully, as it is strongly acidic and can irritate the skin. Always wash exposed areas with soap and water immediately. Lastly, avoid counterfeit products. Many fake ripening agents are available on the market, often unapproved and ineffective. Farmers should purchase ethephon from reliable pesticide manufacturers through authorized channels.
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