Activated alumina is a white, spherical, porous particle with consistent size, smooth surface, excellent mechanical strength, and strong hygroscopic properties. It does not swell or crack after absorbing moisture, making it safe and suitable for various applications. Non-toxic, odorless, and insoluble in water and ethanol, activated alumina has a high adsorption capacity for fluoride. It is widely used in defluoridation systems, especially in areas with high fluoride levels in drinking water.
Several key factors influence the adsorption performance of activated alumina:
1. **Particle Size**: Smaller particles generally offer higher adsorption capacity due to increased surface area. However, smaller particles may be more fragile, which can reduce their durability and service life.
2. **pH of Raw Water**: The adsorption efficiency of activated alumina increases when the pH is below 5. As the pH rises above 5, the adsorption capacity tends to decrease.
3. **Initial Fluoride Concentration**: Higher initial fluoride concentrations typically result in greater adsorption capacity, as the material has more ions to bind with.
4. **Alkalinity of Raw Water**: High bicarbonate content in the water can reduce the adsorption capacity of activated alumina, as it competes with fluoride for active sites on the surface.
5. **Presence of Chloride and Sulfate Ions**: These ions can interfere with the adsorption process, potentially reducing the effectiveness of fluoride removal.
6. **Arsenic Contamination**: Activated alumina can also adsorb arsenic from water. However, the accumulation of arsenic on the surface can block active sites, reducing its ability to adsorb fluoride. Additionally, arsenic is difficult to remove during regeneration, which can lower the long-term efficiency of the system.
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