Cabbage cultivation involves several key steps, starting with the selection of suitable varieties based on the intended use and market timing. For early spring mulching under small arch sheds, early-maturing varieties such as Zhonggan 11, Beinong Zaosheng, 8398, Primula, Yingchun, Chicken Cabbage, Bovine Cabbage, and Beijing Early Maturity are commonly used. Mid-season varieties like Beijing Feng 1, 8 in Gan, Autumn Blue, Qiufeng, Ideal No. 1, Qingfeng, and Xia Guang are preferred for mid-season planting. Late-maturing varieties such as Huagan 2, Dongnong 609, Qiufeng, Yuefeng, Hanguang No. 1, Xinfeng Cabbage, and Huang Miao Cabbage are typically planted for late harvests. Mid-late maturing varieties are often used for summer and autumn cultivation.
The planting season varies depending on the type of cabbage. In Shenyang, early spring planting begins in early February, with seedlings planted in early April and harvesting in early June. Summer cabbage is planted in early April, with harvesting in early August. Autumn cabbage is usually planted in early June, with the first harvest beginning in early September.
Sowing and seedling preparation are crucial for successful growth. Nutrient soil is typically made from field soil, horse manure, grass charcoal, and quick-acting fertilizer. A sandy loam soil is ideal, with a mix ratio of 60–75% field soil, 15–25% horse manure grass soil, and 1 cubic meter of bed soil. Adding 1–1.5 kg of compound fertilizer per cubic meter and mixing well ensures good nutrient availability.
Seed treatment involves soaking seeds in warm water at 50–55°C for 15 minutes, followed by a 3-hour soak in room temperature water. The seeds are then placed at 22–24°C to germinate, maintaining humidity for about 36 hours until 80% of the seeds have sprouted.
Seeding methods include leveling the seedbed, watering the bottom, and sowing seeds evenly. A seeding rate of approximately 4 grams per square meter is recommended, with a thin layer of sieved soil covering the seeds. To prevent damping-off, 7–10 grams of 50% carbendazim WP per square meter can be mixed into the topsoil. Greenhouse conditions allow for quicker drying after watering.
Seedling management includes controlling temperatures before and after emergence. Daytime temperatures should be kept between 20–25°C and nighttime temperatures between 13–15°C before seedlings emerge. After emergence, gradual temperature increases help acclimate the plants, reaching 15–20°C during the day and 8–10°C at night. When seedlings have two leaves and one heart, they are transplanted, and watering is increased. Proper ventilation and cooling management are essential to prevent elongation.
Soil preparation and fertilization involve incorporating organic fertilizer before planting. Beds or ridges are created to cover with mulch. Early spring planting of early-maturing varieties typically uses 5000–5500 strains per acre, while late-maturing varieties use 4000–5000 strains. Before transplanting, equipment is used to colonize the area.
Fertilizer and water management depend on the growth stage. After mulching, watering is controlled to increase ground temperature. Ammonium sulfate can be applied at 15–22.5 kg per mu if cold weather occurs. During the rosette stage, nitrogen fertilizer is applied, and watering is controlled. In summer and autumn, frequent weeding and proper irrigation are necessary to prevent root rot.
Pest control measures include selecting non-cruciferous crops and using fully decomposed manure to prevent soft rot. Dikesone or agricultural streptomycin solutions can be used for treatment. Black rot prevention involves disease-resistant varieties, crop rotation, and proper irrigation. Seeds can be soaked in dexamethasone or warm water before planting. Fungicides like mycophenoline or thiram are effective against black rot.
Aphid control involves removing weeds and dead leaves, using yellow plates or silver film to trap pests. Chemical treatments like dimethoate or pirimicarb are effective. Cabbage worm control includes clearing fields, plowing soil, and using Bacillus thuringiensis or pyrethroid emulsifiable concentrates.
Harvesting occurs when the leaf ball is fully formed and the outer leaves are bright. Timely harvesting ensures quality, and uneven plots are harvested gradually. Each step requires careful attention to ensure healthy growth and high-quality yields.
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