Can the world achieve low carbon dioxide emissions while continuing to use fossil fuels? A report from OPEC believes this is achievable.
Fossil fuels are at least until the middle of this century, and fossil fuels remain the main source of energy supply to the world. The OPEC Secretariat's Oil Outlook 2025 report states that renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, geothermal, modern biomass and hydropower account for only 2% of the world's electricity generation.
However, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), more than half of the world's carbon emissions come from power plants and industrial activities related to the energy industry. The OPEC report brings hope to Carbon Collective Storage (CCS). The OPEC report depicts the general steps in applying CCS technology.
Carbon dioxide must first be collected, much like the collection of concentrated carbon dioxide gas streams at high pressures in the energy industry and industrial activities. The OPEC report defines three ways to collect carbon: post-combustion systems, pre-combustion systems, and oxy-combustion. Operating conditions determine the method of collection.
The post-combustion technology for collecting carbon is similar to the technology that has been used to separate carbon dioxide from natural gas. Pre-combustion carbon capture technology is now widely used to produce hydrogen. The technology of oxy-combustion to collect carbon dioxide is still in the demonstration stage.
The collected carbon dioxide must be transported to a suitable location for storage. OPEC believes that there is no technical problem, the pipeline or the ship can transport carbon dioxide, and the carbon dioxide can remain liquid at 30 ° C and 5 atmospheres.
In order to store carbon dioxide, OPEC proposes four ways: one is to convert into solid inorganic carbonate through chemical reaction, the other is direct application in industry, or as a raw material for the production of various carbon-containing chemicals, and the third is to inject 1000 meters deep into the ocean. Below, the fourth is to inject the formation. The fourth approach has received the most attention. The technology for injecting carbon dioxide deep into the formation is in many respects the same as the technology developed by the oil and gas industry. Some technologies have been used since the late 1980s.
There are three types of fossil fuels suitable for storing carbon dioxide: non-minable coal seam cracks, depleted oil and gas layers, and deep saline layers. OPEC reports that the brine layer has the greatest storage potential. But in the near term, injecting carbon dioxide into depleted or depleted oil and gas layers has become the most attractive option because it links CCS with enhanced oil recovery technologies.
Carbon dioxide enhanced recovery technologies have been widely used in the US Permian Basin, the Webern Oilfield in Canada, the Sprena Oilfield in Norway, and the Sara Oilfield in central Algeria.
The relationship between CCS technology and other cost-effective technologies for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions largely determines the future of its development. OPEC said that because of differences in power plants and industrial facilities, fuel costs, distance, area, carbon dioxide transport, carbon dioxide storage, etc., the cost range is also very large.
OPEC asserts that due to lack of experience, there are uncertainties in the future performance and cost of CCS technology. However, IPCC's CCS technical report shows that the new coal-fired power plants and natural gas power plants based on modern technology have a total cost of reducing CO2 emissions between US$14/ton and US$91/ton, which has great potential for reducing emissions. Therefore, CCS technology may represent an economically viable method for reducing emissions in the future.
OPEC fossil fuel said that CCS technology can make the world continue to rely on fossil fuels while reducing carbon dioxide emissions. What is needed now is a large CCS demonstration project to pave the way for the future.
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