In the modern livestock industry, feed additives play a crucial role in improving animal health, enhancing feed efficiency, and reducing environmental impact. These substances are used to support digestion, regulate gut microbiota, and optimize nutrient absorption. Below is an overview of key feed additives commonly used in pig production.
1. **Enzyme Preparations**
Enzymes are biological catalysts produced by living cells that help break down complex nutrients in feed. Adding enzyme supplements to pig diets can compensate for the lack of endogenous digestive enzymes, neutralize anti-nutritional factors, and improve the digestibility of feed components. Common types include cellulase, amylase, phytase, and xylanase. Among these, phytase is particularly beneficial for the environment as it breaks down phytic acid, which otherwise binds minerals and reduces their availability. Studies have shown that adding phytase to corn-soybean meal diets improves crude fiber digestibility by 48.9%, crude protein digestibility by 16.5%, and dry matter digestibility by 11.3%. It also reduces fecal volume and nitrogen excretion by up to 20%.
2. **Acidifiers**
Organic acidifiers such as fumaric acid, citric acid, and lactic acid are widely used to enhance gastric acidity, promote the growth of beneficial bacteria like lactobacilli, and inhibit harmful microorganisms like *E. coli*. They also boost enzyme activity in the stomach, leading to better nutrient absorption and improved feed conversion rates. For example, adding 1.5–2.0% fumaric acid to piglet diets increases feed utilization by 4.4%, while nitrogen balance improves by 5–7%. Similarly, incorporating 1% citric acid into the diet has been shown to increase crude protein digestibility by 6.1%, nitrogen utilization by 2.7%, and dry matter digestibility by 2.28%.
3. **Micro-ecological Preparations**
These products contain live microorganisms such as *Lactobacillus*, *Bifidobacterium*, and *Saccharomyces* that help maintain a healthy gut microbiome. By promoting beneficial bacterial growth and inhibiting pathogenic microbes, they reduce the production of harmful gases like ammonia and hydrogen sulfide. Research shows that using EM (Effective Microorganisms) preparations for one month can reduce malodor concentration by 97.7%. Adding 0.5% *Lactobacillus* to piglet diets decreases dry matter and nitrogen emissions by 12.6% and 4.2%, respectively. Probiotics also enhance daily weight gain and reduce fecal ammonia levels.
4. **Trace Element Chelates**
Amino acid chelates of trace elements like copper, iron, and zinc mimic natural metalloenzymes, allowing for better absorption in the digestive tract. Unlike inorganic salts, chelated forms prevent metal ions from being adsorbed onto insoluble particles, thus increasing bioavailability. For instance, adding 50 mg/kg of casein-bound copper to piglet diets achieves similar growth promotion effects as 240 mg/kg of copper sulfate. Similarly, 60 mg/kg of methionine-chelated iron increased daily gain by 9.4–10.3% and improved hemoglobin levels in weaned pigs.
5. **Chinese Herbal Medicine**
Herbal additives are rich in amino acids, vitamins, and bioactive compounds like flavonoids and alkaloids. They not only enhance feed utilization but also reduce odor and pathogen load in the gut. For example, adding 0.5% of herbs like malt, *Polygonum*, garlic, and tangerine peel to sow diets increased weight gain by 17.05% and feed efficiency by 10.88%. Studies on New American pigs showed that herbal preparations improved feed conversion by 0.37–9.33% and enhanced immune function.
6. **Synthetic Amino Acids**
Plant-based proteins often lack essential amino acids needed by pigs. By balancing diets with synthetic amino acids, farmers can reduce crude protein levels, lowering nitrogen excretion and conserving protein resources. Research indicates that low-protein diets supplemented with synthetic amino acids can decrease urinary nitrogen concentration by 17%, urine output by 28%, and total nitrogen excretion by 41%. This also helps lower ammonia levels in pig houses.
7. **Zeolite Powder**
Zeolite is a natural mineral with high adsorption capacity due to its porous structure. When added to feed, it improves digestion, reduces nitrogen and sulfur emissions, and absorbs moisture in the environment. It also helps control ammonia and hydrogen sulfide levels in pig houses. Studies show that adding 3% zeolite powder to piglet diets enhances economic returns without compromising growth performance. Other similar materials include bentonite, activated carbon, and vermiculite.
By integrating these feed additives, farmers can achieve more sustainable and efficient pig production while minimizing environmental impact.
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