Fasteners are essential mechanical components used to join or fasten two or more parts together. They are highly versatile and come in a wide range of specifications, performance levels, and applications. Due to their high degree of standardization, serialization, and generalization, many refer to fasteners that follow national or industry standards as "standard components." These components are widely used in various industries, from automotive and aerospace to construction and electronics.
Each type of fastener has specific dimensions, tolerances, surface conditions, and marking requirements, which are defined in different national or industry standards, such as the American, German, or English systems. As China became a major player in international trade after joining the WTO in 2001, its fastener industry has grown significantly, exporting products worldwide while also importing high-quality fasteners from other countries. Aligning with global standards is crucial for Chinese fastener manufacturers to compete effectively on the international stage.
A fastener is a broad term that includes various types of mechanical parts used to secure and connect components. It commonly consists of 12 main categories:
1. **Bolts**: Have a head and a threaded shaft. They require a nut to fasten two parts with through holes, forming a removable connection.
2. **Studs**: Threaded on both ends without a head. Used when one part has an internal thread and the other has a through hole, making it ideal for thick or frequently disassembled parts.
3. **Screws**: Similar to bolts but often used without a nut. They can be machine screws, set screws, or special-purpose screws like eye bolts.
4. **Nuts**: Match with bolts or screws to secure connections. Available in hexagonal, square, or cylindrical shapes.
5. **Self-tapping Screws**: Designed to create threads in metal without pre-drilling, making them ideal for thin metal sheets.
6. **Wood Screws**: Specifically made for wood, with ribbed threads that grip into wooden surfaces.
7. **Washers**: Used to distribute load, prevent damage, and sometimes prevent loosening by using elastic washers.
8. **Retaining Rings**: Installed in grooves to hold parts in place on a shaft or in a hole.
9. **Pins**: Used for positioning, connecting, or locking other fasteners.
10. **Rivets**: Non-removable fasteners used to join two parts permanently by deforming the shank.
11. **Assembly Pairs**: Fasteners sold in combinations, such as screws with washers or specialized bolt-nut sets.
12. **Solder Nails**: Attached via welding to connect parts permanently.
Fastener standards cover multiple aspects: size specifications, technical conditions (including tolerances, mechanical properties, and surface treatments), inspection and packaging rules, marking methods, and additional guidelines like terminology and weight standards.
Understanding fasteners is key to success in engineering and manufacturing. Knowing your tools and how they work can give you a significant advantage in any project. As the saying goes: "Know yourself and know your enemy, and you will never be defeated in a hundred battles." If you don’t understand the basics, how can you hope to succeed? (end)
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