Back in 1839, French physicist Edmond Becquerel stumbled upon the discovery that light could generate a voltage difference across various sections of a semiconductor material. This groundbreaking finding later became known as the "photovoltaic effect." Decades later, in 1954, American researchers Gerald Pearson, Daryl Chapin, and Calvin Fuller at Bell Labs crafted the first practical monocrystalline silicon solar cell, effectively ushering in a new era of photovoltaic power generation—transforming sunlight into electricity.
By the 1970s, the world began to face severe challenges due to rapid industrialization, including an energy crisis and environmental pollution. Fossil fuels were dwindling, and their detrimental impact on our planet grew increasingly evident. Simultaneously, approximately two billion individuals lacked access to reliable energy sources. This pressing situation prompted a global shift toward renewable energy, with the hope of reshaping humanity's energy landscape for long-term sustainability. Solar energy quickly emerged as a focal point thanks to its unparalleled advantages: it’s abundant, clean, inexhaustible, and cost-effective. Every second, the sun delivers an immense amount of radiant energy to Earth—around 800,000 kilowatts. If just 0.1% of this energy on Earth's surface could be converted into electricity at a 5% efficiency rate, the annual output would reach a staggering 5.6 × 10¹² kilowatt-hours, surpassing global energy consumption by fortyfold. These distinct qualities have spurred the proliferation of solar technologies since the 1980s, with both the variety of solar cells and their applications expanding exponentially.
Photovoltaic power generation experienced remarkable growth in the 1990s. By 2006, over ten megawatt-scale photovoltaic systems and six megawatt-scale grid-connected solar farms had been constructed worldwide. The United States pioneered the development of photovoltaic initiatives, launching the "Million Roofs" program in 1997. Japan initiated the Sunshine Project in 1992, and by 2003, its photovoltaic module production accounted for half of the global total, with four of the top ten manufacturers hailing from Japan. Germany’s Renewable Energy Sources Act set favorable feed-in tariffs for solar power, propelling the nation to become the fastest-growing photovoltaic market after Japan. Other countries like Switzerland, France, Italy, Spain, and Finland also adopted solar development strategies, investing significantly in research and accelerating industrial progress.
From 1990 to 2005, the world saw an average annual growth rate of around 15% in photovoltaic module production. In the late '90s, this growth accelerated further. By 1999, annual production had reached 200 MW. Solar cell efficiencies improved from 10–13% to 13–15%, while production scales expanded from 1–5 MW/year to 5–25 MW/year, with some facilities reaching capacities of 50 MW or even 100 MW. The cost of photovoltaic modules fell below $3 per watt. Industry surveys in 2006 predicted that the photovoltaic sector would sustain an annual growth rate of over 30% through 2010, with sales climbing from $7 billion in 2004 to $30 billion by 2010. Many established solar companies transitioned from losses to profitability during this period.
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