Zinc oxide (ZnO) is primarily composed of zinc oxide, but its purity typically ranges between 45% and 65%. The term "secondary" here refers to the grade or quality of the material. In China, regions such as Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, and Hunan are major producers. Zinc oxide is mainly used for further processing into electrolytic zinc or other zinc-based products. The price of zinc oxide varies slightly among manufacturers, with an average cost around 7,500 yuan per ton.
Since the early 2000s, with China's rapid economic growth, domestic demand for zinc oxide has significantly increased, leading to a rise in prices. This has driven the expansion of production capacity across the industry. According to incomplete data collected over one year, the production capacity of indirect zinc oxide with a purity of 99.7% has surpassed 300,000 tons annually. Meanwhile, the direct method of producing zinc oxide with a purity of 85-99.5% has exceeded 600,000 tons per year, and wet zinc oxide with a purity of 90-99% has reached over 100,000 tons annually. Overall, the total annual production capacity of finished zinc oxide exceeds 1 million tons, excluding raw materials for 85% sub-oxide.
The production of zinc oxide is a widely distributed industry, involving numerous manufacturers and using various raw materials. The technology involved is generally simple and extensive. However, there is significant potential for improving the comprehensive recycling of zinc resources. In recent years, the growth rate of zinc oxide production has accelerated, especially for indirect zinc oxide and wet zinc oxide, which have seen rapid development due to the expansion of industries like automotive manufacturing, highway construction, power grids, home appliances, digital communications, and aquaculture. For instance, radial tire production has grown by more than 25% annually over the past three years. By June 2008, it had accounted for over 70% of total tire production, fueling the fast growth of indirect zinc oxide.
The tire and rubber industry remains the largest consumer of zinc oxide, accounting for more than 60% of total usage, including both indirect and direct zinc oxide, as well as wet zinc oxide.
Zinc oxide is a white or slightly yellow fine powder that disperses easily in rubber and latex. It acts as a reinforcing agent, activator, and vulcanizing agent in natural and synthetic rubbers. It also functions as a colorant and filler in white rubber compounds. When active zinc oxide is added to rubber mixtures, it enhances abrasion resistance, tear strength, and elasticity. It is used in paints, inks, linoleum, and as a dyeing agent in textile industries. In the match industry, it neutralizes the acidity of cowhide glue, improves adhesion, and serves as a raw material for adhesive plasters in pharmaceuticals. Additionally, it is used in the production of pigments such as zinc chrome yellow, zinc acetate, zinc carbonate, and zinc chloride, as well as catalysts for methanol synthesis, desulfurizers for ammonia production, glass and glaze manufacturing, and light stabilizers for polyolefins and polyvinyl chloride.
Transparent zinc oxide coatings help prevent discoloration of paint films. Beyond cosmetics, it is also used in automotive paints, furniture materials, inks, and paints, as well as anti-aging agents for rubber and plastics. Recently, transparent zinc oxide-coated polyethylene films have been developed for food packaging, improving UV resistance and protecting food quality. With technological advancements, new zinc oxide whisker materials are being developed for use in metal and ceramic reinforcement, ceramic and plastic filters, gas sensors, electromagnetic shielding, and high-surface-area zinc oxide materials. These innovations continue to expand the applications of zinc oxide across multiple industries.
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